Role of women in military Essay Example

Role of women in military Essay Throughout the history of the world, women have tried by all means to provide various services in the military. Many women have acted as nurses when in battle fields, while others have developed the courage to join their male counterparts in the real attacks. The involvement of women in these activities came when it was proved that women could attain same qualifications with like men in mental, emotional and physical contexts. Since some combat activities like naval and aerial require skills only, integrating women in the forefront does not matter. The period that spans from 1980 to 1990 marks significant important reforms that related to women’s role in military activities. The world world outcried in the same tone calling for involvement of women in military activities and offer equal opportunities in recruiting military officers regardless of the gender (Midamba, 1995, 45). The issue attracted attention of the whole world but the nature and complexity of the reforms that took place varied from country to country. Feminist lawsuits forwarded the case to Supreme Court in the middle of 1990s, challenging the policies of the Air Force that were applied by then. The agitating policy in this area was the exclusion of women in training courses of the military pilots. This training was made for men only. This motion was pushed by the fact that many nations started gendered institutions in early years of the nineteenth century, which mandated men more than women in several areas of participation. All over the world, military activities were segregated with respect to gender. This discrimination not only took place in military areas but also in jobs and locales of service. Women felt the need to get full assimilation in Air Force institutions, an achievement that could only be realized through taking a legal action against the departments (Heidensohn, 1999, 12). The action was geared at undermining the structure of these institutions which are gendered in their undertakings. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of women in military specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Role of women in military specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Role of women in military specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Petitioners felt that denying women the opportunity to serve in flying positions of the Air Force and military activities was violating and intimidating women’s right to equality. Petitioners came from Associations for Civil Rights and Women’s Networks. The Supreme Court had no choice other than giving an order to the military authorities to open and conduct training sessions based on sameness of both men and women. Women were since then given the opportunity to participate in combat roles and in other braches of military operations such as Navy. The Supreme Court also performed an amendment of legislature particularly the Defense Act and Women’s Equal Rights Act. They were adjusted to allow specific provisions for women to occupy any position in the military network provided that the substance and nature of the post does not prevent women’s participation. This court ruling received an overwhelming support from the world’s population. In the military activities, images of new women and female warriors appeared both in practice and in minds of the leaders all over the world. Assimilation of women in this department was seen as a significant move in fighting for sameness. It was treated as a prominent indicator of the feminist struggle for equality. This principle was highly adopted and implemented quickly in United States of America and Israel. In America, the issue came without much struggle because women did not organize themselves in large groups to go and present their grievances (Schultz, 1999, 10). The assimilationists or the sameness principle was the major concept that was used in the feminist struggle for gender equality. It was a notion that integrating women in masculine activities was the only possible and ultimate avenue that could be used to achieve gender equality. This ideology was accompanied by an assumption that gender equality was homogenous with respect to women. It was felt that similar terms can be employed in measuring equality and therefore assimilation of women in military work could benefit all women even those who were not employed. Gender activists attached no differences in the principle of sameness within women simply because they believed women are similar in terms of interests, needs and preferences. This line of thought automatically excluded women who could not recognize the principle of sameness. The liberal assumptions of sameness regardless of the gender did not only integrate women in the military field but also fulfilled other vital aspects to show the feminist struggle for equality (Lee, 2000, 34). The movement paved way for women to be involved fully in the spheres of masculine activities and receive fair treatment in legal issues. The doctrine of sameness also ensured women were integrated and fully represented in local and regional religious councils. It is through the same doctrine that the retirement age for both men and women was equalized. Women were also incorporated in the municipal bodies and councils as feminists saw it essential to promote the significance of women in the development of societies. To match active involvement in the workforce and parental responsibility, sameness doctrine directed the feminist activists to demand for maternity leaves and work absence made to nurturer a sick child. These reforms were highly adopted all over the world and were seen as a gate to appreciation of women in fulfilling societal obligations. Since then women have been treated with due respect and sanctity as the one given to men in areas of militarily operations (Garlick, 199 2, 50). Following the above considerations, the developed parts of the world completely buried the differences between men and women, ending the male draft. Statisticians have indicated that the percentage of women participating in military personnel has dramatically increased since 1980 to 1990. Today, many women have been serving in active duties in the Department Of Defense in the military field. Other areas in which they have been involved include Air Force, Marine Corps, Navy and the Army. Fifteen percent of women who serve in these departments are officers, comparatively equal to men’s percentage. Because of the masculine specifications that are involved in the marine department, the number of women serving as officers is comparatively less. Minority women have been observed to serve a larger percentage in military than military men (Cott, 2000, 40). Today’s military population has embraced high standards of educational standards. Many women in the military serving as officers hold college bachelor degrees and others have graduated from service academics. The role of women in the military undertakings is dictated by capabilities of the participants. They are therefore fully integrated in combat activities because current laws do not restrict engagement of women in this area. Laws however do not allow permanent combat assignment of women in Marine Corps, Air Force and Navy. Combat missions involving aircraft and ships are seen dangerous for women and therefore preserved for men. Studies from America indicate that citizens greatly support the participation of women in military activities. Exemptions have been made in activities that involve hand to hand combat, ground combat or direct combat. In the Navy sector, job assignments are statutorily restricted by Navy policy (Amott, 1991, 60). This policy declares that women can not fly in aircrafts or serve in ships that the Navy designates as combat. They are however allowed to perform some temporary duties in the combat section or else conduct trainings to men who are made to fly combat planes. They can also be assigned the responsibilities within the Navy auxiliary ships. These responsibilities may include research, training ships, repair and civilian contract ships. Marine Corps are sections within Department of Navy, where statutory restrictions are highly pronounced by Corps policy. Coast Guards form part of the Department of transport. Military women in this section are not restricted by the law. They therefore have the privilege to serve in aboard Coast Guard ships. Here, women are also entrusted with commanding coastal patrol boats which are used in providing rescue and search services and activities related to marine law enforcement. In this section, women are allowed by the law to act as Anti Submarine Warfare officers and therefore assist in executing Coast Guard cutters (Moghadam, 1993, 100). Due to liberty and democracy which surrounded the world, women soldiers were involved in the American war against Iraq.   Debates have come up in America questioning the roles of women in military work. This has been a reaction against the existing law that prevents them from engaging themselves in most ground combat units. Reports have however said that these restrictions are randomly followed in the United States depending on where and when violence erupts up. Due to the value attached to human life, no one admires endangering the lives of men or women. The idea of restricting women in this hard area has been seen as dubious. It is a measure believed to protect them but on the other hand denying them their rights. As a measure to encourage and promote the role of women in fulfilling their functions in the military operations, sexual assault has been given a strong and outstanding concern by policy makers and implementers. It is the profound reason as to why women are prohibited from participating in combat activities. Sexual abuse has been prescribed by policy makers and human rights activists to be giving unequal opportunity to survive between military men and women. Restrictions based on sexual assaults have received a lot of criticism because it curtails women from achieving their professional aspirations and opportunities. It is a way of telling them to stay indoors to prevent a sexual attack. It has thus been proposed that safe measures should be implemented that will make sure women are protected from sexual abuse as they serve in military (Midamba, 1995, 45). The contributions of women have been experienced around the globe since the Second World War. They were used to ferry bombers and acted as the captains of ships that were sent to reinforce the fighting troops. After this performance, it was seen that restricting women from military activities is denying them their rights and leading them to hard life in terms of income generation. Women therefore, should be given the freedom to make their choices. Most of them have argued that since the choice is theirs, they are ready to face the challenges and the risks concerned with the occupations. The issue of women acting as war photographers or astronauts has totally maintained the stand against women participation in these activities. War photographic is highly associated with captivity and astronauts are associated with high chances of losing their lives (Heidensohn, 1999, 12). Putting all the above prospects in mind, we may be tempted to believe that there exists equality between men and women which should be equally pronounced in military operations. The doctrine of fairness tries to argue from very realistic point of view, clearly pinpointing the inherent differences that exist between men and women, especially in the militia activities. According to the fairness doctrine, men are distinctively the best choice for military because of their nature. Works in military are tough, risky and physically demanding. By nature, women are weak and are not predominantly exposed to scaring and sometimes fatal undertakings. Military police is entitled to duties such as going out for patrol at night. There is always a high probability of meeting enemy ambushes or combat supporters. This encounter ignites a deadly clash with combat soldiers who are usually well armed and trained to kill (Schultz, 1999, 12). A very low number of women victims of this kind of encounters h ave ever survived since they were absorbed in the military. During these attacks, women are abused sexually and this intimidates the sanctity attached to their lives greatly. Fairness doctrine stipulates that physical characteristic should be considered before women are engaged in these duties. Militia activities best fit people who are not expected to make major contributions in the society or families. This is why a man working in the military can afford to raise and support a family without major challenges as compared to women. This is certainly because men are not entitled to many responsibilities in the family as women do. Men can spend many days without visiting family members but family ties still remain. This is due to the fact that his physical presence may not be necessary all the time. An example of a conflict that has supported the doctrine of fairness is the tussle between US and Iraq. Statistics of the attacks show that 65% of the soldiers who have been killed in Iraq comprise of women. Still, 85% of the ones who have been wounded are women. To worsen the scenario, 90% of those who have been imprisoned are the same type of gender. This pict ure has been used by many analysts to explain the dangers women may be exposed to if an increased involvement in militia activities is undertaken (Lee, 2000, 40). Treating women fairly has been taken as part of civilization. A civilized nation does not expose women to dangerous opportunities like combat violence. Civilization supports women in military but it does not support their subjection to direct violence in combat. The direct combat units may include Special Forces, armor and infantry. There has been an increasing scholarships, popular publications and media coverage discussing the effect if women’s engagement in military operations on their families. These have been the efforts towards attaining equality in this department, starting point being depicting the meaning of equality in real life (Garlick, 1992, 50). The variation in the understanding of equality may be contributed by sociological and biological aspects surrounding different persons and work environments. It is only after making these judgments when the law and the society can reflect the impact of these variations and come with a system of administration that treats everybody fairly. Many institutions around the world apply the principle of equality through difference in most of the military operations. This principle advocates for special treatment of women in form of exemptions, options and privileges. This kind of treatment allows women to maintain stable families and at the same time face no limits to benefiting from the military employment. Exemptions made for fulfillment of a family core can not lead to a cut in salary, sack or any disciplinary action. Women are generally viewed vulnerable and full of special needs because of the reproductive role. They are also perceived to posses physical weaknesses. These are the factors that have brought controversy in the process of defining equality. It has been found out that military women have difficulties in maintaining their families. The reasons for this failure vary from a country to another and from individual to individual. Different countries have different regulations and different working environments (Cot t, 2000, 40). Different individuals have different ways of living, preferences and determinations. Military work is affected by both individual aspects and statutory laws that govern how they work. Military engagement in such a way that time cannot be properly budgeted. This is because they are people who are involved in responding to unexpected or unanticipated events. Family woman would like to work in an environment in which time is clearly defined. This gives the opportunity to spare time for attending to children and her husband. Without this contact in the family, it is hard to maintain a family ties or be in good terms with family members. This issue posses a big challenge to women who wish to join military or who are already in the military service (Amott, 1991, 60). They have to make a choice between sacrificing the family and serving at the military or minding on family matters and let the job of military operations go. To add, military operations take long time and are in most cases continuous. The women in these operations may be entitled to benefits like maternity leaves. But the frequency of the leaves may be limited by long time they take in performing their duties. A minor woman in military may expect or wish to reproduce during young ages. However, lack of time may not allow her to perform this because the frequency of leaves is not well defined, but depends on several aspects. The nature of duties that are undertaken by the military are masculine and sometimes may lead to physical encounters. The characteristics of the work completely disregard pregnant women. It is not a kind of duty that can be performed by expectant mothers. This means the rate of births for such a woman is controlled by other forces and no family planning can be trusted to save the situation. Several studies have been done to depict the attitude of women who are serving in military posts. Many suggestions have shown that women do not enjoy the nature of military operations but are just forced by economic hardships to work in them. The job does not allow workers to interact with their families. Many women have also reported that the job has led to many family breakups and divorces. Because of the long time workers spend without meeting their spouses, military workers are said to be sex hungry. A lot of immorality is therefore associated with these people. This again makes familial engagements with military women and men challenging. The above description depicts that the family and military women are not compatible from the perspective and the aspect of time (Moghadam, 1993, 100). To make final generalization, the role of women in military should be highly appreciated and given matching rewards. Military strategists should give the issue a clear perspective and special attention. This will be made to analyze the costs and benefits of giving women these responsibilities. It will be essential to find alternatives when opportunities prove to be risky. If the event of ensuring gender balance in military seems to endanger women, they should be provided with other sources of income. If this is not the case, they should be assigned roles that are not very physically demanding in military. They may be assigned office jobs that may be clerical or accountancy. The areas that specifically do not require physical strain can be preserved for women in the military departments. As military activities are becoming complex and complex every day, technology is giving the field an equal match. It is therefore important to apply technology in daily activities and reduce the numbe r of participants involved. This will keep the operations ongoing but at the same time improve the safety of both men and women (Moghadam, 1993, 99).

Writing A Persuasive Essay For College Students

Writing A Persuasive Essay For College StudentsSample persuasive essays for college students are one of the best things that you can do to improve your grades and get noticed in college. Although college is the time to be proud of yourself, your grades will suffer if you do not develop your writing skills. In this article, I will share with you how to write a persuasive essay for college students.There are three basic persuasive styles: argumentative, anecdotal and persuasive. If you are unsure about which one you should use, read some examples before you write your own essay. This will give you a better idea on what kinds of questions to ask and what types of information you should use. Also, it will give you an idea on how persuasive your essay is going to be.To be able to write a good persuasive essay, make sure that you keep your tone consistent. Do not try to convince anyone that the information you are giving is false or wrong. It is better to tell a story rather than trying to prove something to be true. By simply telling a story, people will be more open to listen to what you have to say and would rather believe it.Your essays will gain attention by being well written and presented. Make sure that you focus on only the information that is important to the reader. Good examples on how to write a persuasive essay will be the key that will help you come up with an essay that will help your college or university to notice you.It is always best to prepare a persuasive essay ahead of time. This way, you will be able to study before you actually sit down and start writing. Keep in mind that this type of essay is very complex and it takes a lot of time to write an essay like this.The best advice for writing a persuasive essay for college students is to start out with the fundamentals. Get familiar with the different persuasive styles. Once you know your basics, you will be able to create your own style of persuasive writing. Remember that it is all about being consistent in how you approach a certain topic.Finally, it is best to keep your persuasive essay short. This way, it will not take too long for you to write a persuasive essay for college students. You should write an essay that does not exceed 5 pages.The most important thing that you can do to help you develop a persuasive essay for college students is to read as many persuasive essays as you can. This will help you understand different styles. You can also read as many examples as you can because this will make you see the ways to write a persuasive essay for college students.

Consumerism Essays - Consumerism, Sociology, Consumer Behaviour

Consumerism Essays - Consumerism, Sociology, Consumer Behaviour Consumerism Consumerism is known for the use of purchasing of goods and services worldwide. Everyone is considered a consumer. People buy products and services on a daily basis especially when it comes to technology or something new to the market. The introduction of the internet has revolutionized the way business is performed and how consumers buy and sell products. Most people that lives in the urban areas tend to buy more products and services therefore production increases. Since the 1980?s our consumption has increased with the introduction of personal computers and credit cards along with a large amount of other products like the flat screen television with bluray or 3d. Many people have become dependent on products like the computer and services such as cable television and cell phone usage. Most of them cannot survive without these material things especially buying clothes. There also has been an increase in building factories and that can pollute the environment including people as well. Other countries such as the united states construct factories so that their country won?t be polluted but studies show that pollution comes right back in the united states. The smoke that comes from the factory goes in the air and causes air pollution also the smoke goes in one direction and travel to other countries causing smog and releases toxic chemicals like carbon dioxide. Take the iphone for example; it was introduced in June 2007 and version 4 was just released in 2010. It is known to have technical issue with the antenna but that didn?t stop consumers from lining up overnight to buy this item. There are many other products that are similar. People buy this item because of how popular it is or someone or a friend told them about it and how cool it is. It is known to be the most updated and hottest thing on the market so consumers didn?t stop to think about the problem they may experience. Consumers want to have the latest product that is in style. They feel that keeping up with society is crucial so they won?t become outdated or teased. Consumerism is ever expanding in developed nations and is even increasing in some emerging countries whose economies are expanding as well. Do we really need everything we buy? Maybe we should look at the good old days of the 50?s and slow down a little. Not only will it help our finances but it will also help the environment. We can help by recycling, stop the cutting down of trees and disposing of garbage more properly by building compost heap and less burning of garbage. Consumerism is a necessity if we want economies to keep going but how much is too much? If consumers keep spending at such a fast pace is anyone really going to benefit from an expanding economy if it is not sustainable? We need to stop being defined by what we have and start being seen for who we are and what we do.

Top 7 Ways to Beat the Heat and Stay Cool During the Summer

Top 7 Ways to Beat the Heat and Stay Cool During the Summer The blazing heat of the summer is tough on our bodies. If you don’t have the luxury of staying indoors where your AC is blasting on high, then you know how hard it can be to stay cool during the summer months. Most of us need to work, so there is no escaping the brutal summer heat. But don’t let the heat stop you. There are ways you can beat the heat and stay cool without sacrificing your sanity. Here are the top 10 ways you can beat the heat and stay cool:7. Drink more waterThis may seem like a no brainer, but you’d be surprised at just how many people do not drink enough water during the day. To be safe, you should follow the 8 by 8 rule which states that you should drink eight 8-ounce glasses of fluid a day.6. Take precautions to avoid excessive sweatI live in New York City. So I know how bad it is to be standing on a hot subway platform while sweating like a mad man. It’s brutal. There are tricks you can use to counter excessive sweating. You can try p utting on deodorant the night before. Your sweat glands are more active in the morning which causes your deodorant to be less effective.5. Get a portable fanThe other day I bought a portable fan that sprays mist into your face while fanning you. What a time to be alive. Get yourself one of these babies and take them with you on those scorching hot days.4. Avoid eating hot foodsA few weeks ago, I went to a nice little Korean place and got the soup. Bad decision. Since it’s already hot outside, eating anything hot will only amplify the effects of the heat. You definitely do not want to go down that road.3. Exercise comfortablyMy personal recommendation is to get a gym membership and avoid exercising in the heat. But if that’s not something that is possible, then there are alternative exercises such as swimming and various other water sports that can definitely get the job done.2. Sleep on top of a wet sheet or clothSleeping in the heat is the absolute worst because it of ten prevents you from getting the proper rest that you need in order to function the next day. If you’re trying to save money on your electric bill, you can try sleeping on a wet sheet or cloth. You’ll be able to remain cool even in the sweltering heat.1. Know your body’s best cooling pointsFinally, if you’re trapped in the heat and aren’t able to find a cooler place, then you can apply an ice pack, or cold towel to your cooling points. This can include wrists, forehead, etc. By knowing your cooling points, you’ll be able to cool yourself off faster and more effectively.Source: [Lifehacker]

You should Learn A foreign Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

You should Learn A foreign Language - Essay Example It is also important to have as authentic a conversation as possible in the foreign language. When you move to a different country or region, learning the local language will help you to communicate and integrate with the local community. If a person goes to another country speaking only their own language, they may be viewed as arrogant by the native inhabitants of that country. When one thinks about it, when one makes an effort to speak another language, it is sometimes mocked, and this can create fear. But it is important to at least try. One must not be afraid of being corrected, or asking questions. Each step in this process involves communicating and integrating with the local community. There are many reasons for learning a foreign language; some are more personal than others. If a person has a partner, a set of in-laws, or friends who speak a different language, learning that language will help you to communicate with them. This can relate to a more foundational and better relationship. Often, true communication can occur across various borders. This is true in terms of family, as well as in terms of native fluency. If your work involves regular contact with speakers of foreign languages, being able to talk to them in their own languages will help you communicate with them. Many of today’s professionals act in an increasingly global and networked environment. They need to speak many languages to communicate across national and cultural borders. This involves, at work, generally a more sophisticated level of communication, rather than a basic one. When traveling, a basic ability in a foreign language will help you to ‘get by;† i.e., to order food and drink, find your way around, buy tickets, etc. A basic ability in this sense can be gained through repeating basic phrases and concepts, memorizing phrase and verb forms of a language, and practicing dialogues. Often, dialogues can lead students to a better understanding

Financial statements ratio analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Financial statements ratio analysis - Essay Example The company has a relatively high turnover of more than one. A ratio of more than one means the net sales are more than the total fixed assets. This means that one dollar of fixed asset invested generates more than on dollar of sales. However, this ability decreased across the period. Current ratio highlights the capability of a company to meet its current obligations as they become due. A ratio of less than one as in the case of the company implies that the company has more obligations than the assets hence cannot meet them. In 2013 the ability increased but still does not satisfy all the obligations. Debt to total assets ratio shows the portion of the company’s financing provided by the creditors that is it measures a company’s financial leverage. From the calculation above the company has more assets than liabilities hence it is less risky since it has a ratio of close to 0.5 implying that it has liabilities of close to 50% of its total assets. Across the period the percentage increased from 56% to 63% meaning it increased its liabilities. Return on equity illustrates the company’s ability to generate profit or return from its shareholders’ investments. It therefore shows how efficient a company uses the shareholder money. From the ratio above the company is a bit efficient in using the shareholders’ money but the efficiency decreased in 2013 from 36% to 28%. With regards to the profit margin, the company’s ability to convert sales into profit is lower than that of the industry. Accounts receivable turnover shows that the number of times a company collects its receivables is lower than that of the company. Further, its fixed asset turnover is also lower than that of the industry implying that it uses its fixed assets less effectively. The company also has a lower current ratio than the industry thus it has more liabilities in relation to its assets than the

The Success Of Brand Loreal

The Success Of Brand Loreal To start with a brief introduction, explaining which market you have chosen and why, which companies/brands you have chosen and why. The rest of the report can then be organised thematically, such as by operational marketing area that you have chosen to analyse. You might also like to include a short concluding section, tying everything together and setting out your main findings and conclusions. The market chosen is of that of cosmetic products which is a huge market in todays date having contrasting working attitudes and style, producing goods according to the local requirement in accordance to the wants of the customers and consumers. This assignment compares and contrasts the way in which two different companies, LOreal and Unilever carry out their international marketing. Initially this assignment revolves around the two mega cosmetic brand industry LOreal and Unilever and their marketing tactics and strategies around the globe in various countries. LOreal a cosmetic giant operating in over 130 countries worldwide proposes a turnover of over à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 13.7 billion since 2001 (check financial results of 2009 and report). The company records a consistent growth of over 19.6% and 26% increase in profit in 2001 and 2002 respectively. (Check recent growth and report) The consistent growth of the company and the share in the particular market is caused due to its varied marketing activities in the marketing arena. The company differs itself from other companies in the sphere of product/service design; packaging; brand name/logo; price; advertising; sales promotion; website; distribution channel(s). The success of Brand LOreal lies in the fact that the company succeeded in reaching out to the customers of different countries of the world, across different income ranges and cultural patterns, giving them the appropriate product they are worthy of. The area of expertise of LOreal being that it succeeded almost in every country that it entered. The strategies of LOreal was varied enough to help it and stop itself from restricting itself in a single country. LOreal sold its product on the basis of customer demand and country want rather than keeping the product identical across the globe. It built ample number of brands or mammoth brands entrenched to the restricted culture and which appealed to a variety of segment of the universal market instead of generalising the brand and edible in innumerable culture. LOreal went on to being a local product in every international market. The brand extension of LOreal also came in the same sector or the same segment of market. LOreal believed i n growing its expertise in the segment it is conscious of rather than going into a completely new sector of market.. LOreal had built a dozen or so mega brands rooted in the local culture and appealing to different segments of the global market. Instead of homogenizing the various brands and making them palatable in myriad cultures, Owen-Jones decided to embody their (the brands) country of origin, turning what many marketing gurus considered a narrowing factor into a marketing virtue. As a senior LOreal manager put it, You have to be local and as strong as the best locals but backed by an international image and strategy. We have made a conscious effort to diversify the cultural origins of our brands. Brand Extensions LOreal realized the need for caution in case of brand extensions. The company extended its brands after doing a thorough research. When LOreal decided to enter the kids shampoo category in 1998, it debated whether to launch a new brand or go for an extension. The company realized the LOreal name, long associated with womens hair care, would capture instant credibility with moms. But Kids was really a child-oriented product. When LOreal first unveiled its LOreal Kids shampoo line early 1998, retailers were sceptical. Retailers say the value isnt there. We say it is that the child establishes value. We were pretty tenacious. mentioned Carol Hamilton, 45, senior VP-marketing for the LOreal retail division of Cosmair LOreal professionals mechanises with LOreal professional salons in order to not only promote their product but also to help hairdressers to have a vision, excel and accomplish. LOreal have divided their product range in five different categories to focus its marketing activities exclusively designed for the targeted market audience. Professional products Consumer Products Luxury Products Cosmetics Body Shop The body shop was founded in 1976 in the United Kingdome well known for its strong product base of natural ingredients and having a network of over 2550 stores in 63 countries (is this the present situation?) Unilever on the other hand, a British-Duch multinational company owning ample numer of consumer products in the food, beverage and the personal care product sector. Promising to give a consistent evolution in the sustainable living plan of the commoners. Inspiring billions of people to support them in order to give themselves a better life. In a world of hype and stereotypes, the Dove Unilever provides a refreshing alternative for women who recognise that beauty isnt simply about how you look but it makes a genuine difference. Dove Unilever is committed to widening the definition of beauty for women because it believe real beauty comes in all ages, shapes and sizes. To help enjoy your own brand of beauty, Dove provides an extensive range of cleansing and personal care products that make a genuine difference to the condition and feel of skin and hair. Dove is the UKs top Bar Soap brand and 45% of the population bought a Dove product in 2010. In fact, 10.1 million women use Dove every week in the UK. Unilever first launched its products in the US during the 1950s, and in 1957 the basic Dove bar formula was refined and developed into the Original Dove Beauty bar. It was launched as a beauty soap that was clinically proven to be milder on dry and sensitive skins. Launched in the Uk in the late 1990s. The following years saw the launch of more bath time treats like beauty baths and moisturising body washes. Unilever Dove then expanded its brand into antiperspirant deodorants and ProAge, a range of skin cream and hair care products specifically designed in accordance to the requirement of the local women. Unilever re-defined the definition of beauty for women. In 2010 Unilever Dove came out with another revolutionary product of Damage therapy which could be used by the consumers at home rather than spending a fortune on other beauty therapys to keep their hair strong damage free. In 2010 Unilever also diversifies its Dove products from the female sector to the male and hence the birth of a completely new brand of products in which unilever had never stepped its foot into, the Dove Men Care brand was formed offering deodrants and body washes specifically designed for the male skin. LOreal entered India with the hair colour product, they changed the way consumers viewed the product. From being a product for the old-age to turn grey hair into shining black. LOreal targeted the young market for whome looking stylish and to the modern mark was really very important. It was a tough job for LOreal to change the mindsets of the people. Dove entered India in the late 1993. Dove-known to be a custodian to promise gave products to woment to satisfy them all over the world. In India Dove became the fastest growing hair care shampoo product in fifteen month of its launch. ADVERTISING LOreal-because you are worth it, gives a kind of a fulfilment to the consumer that the kind of product the consumer was looking for, this is it. LOreal started its advertising campaign in the late 1920 via posters and other such medims. It first time appeared onscreen in 1950s in movies. In todays date LOreal got celebrity of all ages to promote their product. The strategy that LOreal used here is to use local celebrities to whom the common man relate to rather than having just one celebrity to promote their product globally. For example in India LOreal used ex Miss world Aishwariya Rai to promote their product where as in the K they used Penelope Cruz to promote their product. This got LOreal the image of Traditional Beauty.LOreal knew that the best way to attract customers was to bestow the customers with the image that they could become as beautiful as their favourite celebrities. Resulting into more the sales of the product that would take place Dove on the other hand used the tactic of complementing their customers giving them a profound positive vibe by giving a positive line of you are beautiful resulting into her buying the product. Dove uses various creative marketing strategies like recently dove is using Facebook which is a social commerce networking site to promote its product. Dove has made its products available to the customers on the social website. Dove believes that it makes complete sense to move from a social networking website to a purchase worthwhile at the same place. On the later research when found that email results into more selling rather than social website, the focus of the company changed into sending more personalised emails to the prospective customers. Dove also launched a competitive advertisement in competition with LOreal with the tag line Dove is No.1 Shampoo sending customers emails with such adverts and making customer believe that it is the best the customer can get. Given the image of real women Dove never used or endorced their products through celebrities like in the case of Unilever. Instead Unilever built a new strategy for Dove. Given the cote of being Real Women Dove used a corporate advertising strategy by various culture of women and projecting an image of self-satisfaction for the Unilever brand.s Consumers will soon be able to buy Dove products through Facebook, with Unilever unveiling the new ecommerce offering shortly Marshall Manson, Europe Middle East and Africa managing director of digital at Unilevers PR agency Edelman, said: It makes sense to allow users to move directly from a social word-of-mouth recommendation, or from information a brand has shared, to purchase. He also said that the move makes it easier for Dove to connect social activity with business values and measure their effectiveness. The news comes just days after a study by Foresee found that consumers prefer email marketing messages than social media interactions with retailer websites in the UK. Larry Freed, president and chief executive officer of ForeSee Results, said brands need to be aware of how their target markets are influenced by promotional emails, advertising on Facebook or word-of-mouth recommendations. SALES PROMOTION In India LOreal brought the international style by transforming the looks in the form of amenities to its customers. LOreal marked its products through hair salons in India. Today LOreal owns over 2000 saloons over 36 cities in India. LOreal and Unilever competed on getting positioned in the shelf-space in the United States to be in the eye of the customers. Dove on the other hand promoted its product by positioning itself the best that is as the number one product and also with the help of dove the seven day challenge, where dove promised healthy hair or money back guarantee. In the United States Dove bought about the half-faced challenge. Dove asked the American customers to use the product on half of their face and feel the difference. LOreal on the other hand promised a reduction in the hair fall or in the healthy hair or a complete money back guarantee. LOreal carried out its sales promotion having a wide assortment with varying range of products for premium and the middle class. Though LOreals prmium product were at low demand, LOreal kept on reinforcing them through promoting their premium brand as a look of necessity. WEBSITE The LOreal website not only gives a brief introduction of its varied product features but it also gives information about the company history and also about the various product ranges for women in the market supplementing it with a little extra of for women categorising it specifically for them. LOreal in China launched a website in mandarin to help customers easy accessibility and making it easy for them to use the website. Dove maintains its simplicity in its website also but to it dove also adds up a space for testimonials and various offers and promotions that Dove have, to offer at that minute. To that Dove had also added up an interactive session and video to show how dove has helped peoples hair. Unilever on the other hand used specimens of local commoner beauty to endorse the Dove beauty product on their website. They also came up with advertisement of the websites specific to that part of the region. For example the Indian website had adverts of Dove moisture riser to have soft skin where as in the United Kingdome the website had advertisements on moisturiser on cold cream to protect them from the cols. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL A market channel is one of the most important factors in the marketing of a product. It closures the period, space and hole in the market between the consumers and the product manufacturers. In India to distribute its product Dove Unilever uses three approaches, indirect coverage, and direct coverage and Streamline method. Dove Unilever looked out for short supply-chain for distribution to meet its customers needs and to reach out to a huge population. In India Unilever elected sub-stockist that covered up the mass part of the marketing areas in India where as in the Unites Kingdome Unilever were in direct contact with the retailers to sell out their products. Over 180 million units are produced in the United Kingdome every year. Most of it, around 65% of it is exported overseas. CONCLUTION à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL LOreals Distribution Channel in the Balkans With 290 subsidiaries, more than 100 distributors and 42 plants, all spread out in about 130 countries, LOreal is the leader of the cosmetic industry. The group has begun its internationalisation in 1912 by following three steps: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ First, commercialisation of professional shampoos to hair-dressers via distributors in near Europe (Spain, Italy, Great Britain, Germany and Poland) and in the Americas first landing; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Second, local firms are taken over for example in the USA (Redken 1993, Maybelline 1996 etc.), in Argentina (Miss Y lang 2000) go native; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Third, subsidiaries (production, research and development) are directly created (Greenfield investment) without any first passage via distribution. It is the case in Asia (Japan and Hong Kong) globalisation. The group has to face harsh competition and new stakes like diversify its product segments (baby-boomers which become mammy-boomers; American, French and Japanese young with specific tastes; and men), exploit new means of distribution (like on line sales) and finally, take advantage before the competitors, of new emerging markets like Asia, India, Latin America, Africa and East European countries. For our analysis on distribution channel performance, we will focus on the Balkans region () where the group detains its highest number of distributors as well as no subsidiary. Furthermore, these countries are future new comers in the European Union and such a particular presence in this region is no doubt linked to LOreal internationalisation strategy. Distributors, in this area, buy products directly to the headquarters. There are lot of things you wrote about LOreals distribution channelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. You need to bring in some operational marketing of LOreal and then conclusion. UNQUOTE ABA This report will analysing the international/global marketing activities of two international well known companies LOreal and Garnier operating in a similar market across a range of countries in a contrasting way. The activities that the report will focus on are as follows product/service design or formulation; packaging; brand name/logo; price; advertising; sales promotion; website; distribution channel(s). SLIDE SHOW MAILS http://www.loreal.com/_en/_ww/html/suppliers/suppliers-performance/suppliers-performance-conception.aspx LOreal a company operating in over 130 countries worldwide propose a turnover of over à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 13.7 billion since 2001. The company records a consistent growth of over 19.6% and 26% increase in profit in 2001 and 2002 respectively. The consistent growth of the company and the share in the particular market is caused due to its varied marketing activities in the marketing arena. The company differs itself from other companies in the sphere of product/service design; packaging; brand name/logo; price; advertising; sales promotion; website; distribution channel(s). http:// http://www.loreal.co.uk/_en/_gb/index.aspx www.loreal.co.in/_hi/_in/index.aspx BRAND- The success of Brand LOreal lies in the fact that the company succeeded in reaching out to the customers of different countries of the world, across different income ranges and cultural patterns. The area of expertise of LOreal being that it succeeded almost in every country that it entered. The strategies of LOreal was varied enough to help it and stop itself from restricting itself in a single country. LOreal sold its product on the basis of customer demand and country want rather than keeping the product identical across the globe. It build ample number of brands or mammoth brands entrenched to the restricted culture and which appealed to the a variety of segment of the universal market instead of generalising the brand and edible in innumerable culture. LOreal went on to being a local product in every international market. The brand extension of LOreal also came in the same sector or the same segment of market. LOreal had built a dozen or so mega brands rooted in the local culture and appealing to different segments of the global market. Instead of homogenizing the various brands and making them palatable in myriad cultures, Owen-Jones decided to embody their (the brands) country of origin, turning what many marketing gurus considered a narrowing factor into a marketing virtue. As a senior LOreal manager put it, You have to be local and as strong as the best locals but backed by an international image and strategy. We have made a conscious effort to diversify the cultural origins of our brands. Brand Extensions LOreal realized the need for caution in case of brand extensions. The company extended its brands after doing a thorough research. When LOreal decided to enter the kids shampoo category in 1998, it debated whether to launch a new brand or go for an extension. The company realized the LOreal name, long associated with womens hair care, would capture instant credibility with moms. But Kids was really a child-oriented product. When LOreal first unveiled its LOreal Kids shampoo line early 1998, retailers were skeptical. Retailers say the value isnt there. We say it is, that the child establishes value. We were pretty tenacious. mentioned Carol Hamilton, 45, senior VP-marketing for the LOreal retail division of Cosmair Loreal professionnel mechanises with Loreal profetional salons in order to not only promote their product but also tp help hairdressers to have a vision, excel and accomplish. They have devided their product range in five different categories Proffestional products Consumer products Luxuary products Active cosmetics and The body shop. The body shop was founded in 1976 in the United Kingdome well known for its strong product base of natural ingredients and having a network of over 2550 stores in 63 countries. http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Marketing1/Branding%20Strategy-Marketing%20Case%20Study.htm#Brand%20Management Dove In a world of hype and stereotypes, the Dove brand provides a refreshing alternative for women who recognise that beauty isnt simply about how you look. Making a genuine difference Dove is committed to widening the definition of beauty for women because we believe real beauty comes in all ages, shapes and sizes. To help you enjoy your own brand of beauty, Dove provides an extensive range of cleansing and personal care products that make a genuine difference to the condition and feel of your skin and hair. Dove is the UKs top Bar Soap brand and 45% of the population bought a Dove product in 2010. In fact, 10.1 million women use Dove every week in the UK. How it all started First launched in the US during the 1950s, Dove cleansing bar with its moisturising properties was originally developed to treat burn victims during the war. In 1957 the basic Dove bar formula was refined and developed into the Original Dove Beauty bar. It was launched as a beauty soap that was clinically proven to be milder on dry and sensitive skins. In the 1970s an independent clinical dermatological study proved Dove Beauty bar was milder than 17 leading bar soaps. Dove was launched in the UK in the 1990s. The following years saw the launch of more bath time treats like beauty baths and moisturising body washes. In 2001 Dove launched its first antiperspirant deodorant. Only Dove Deodorant has its 1/4 moisturising cream formula that helps skin to recover itself after every shave, leaving underarm skin feeling smoother than an ordinary deodorant. 2004 saw the launch of the Campaign for Real Beauty, which highlighted the Dove brands commitment to broadening definitions of beauty. Following on from this Dove launched the Self Esteem Fund in 2005 which acts as an agent of change to educate and inspire young girls on a wider definition of beauty. It aims to boost the self-confidence of young girls and women, enabling them to reach their full potential in life. Also in 2007 Dove launched ProAge, a range of skin care, deodorant and hair care that has been specifically designed to give mature skin what it needs right now. In 2010 the Dove hair care range was revitalised with distinct new benefits. The Dove Damage Therapy range is designed to combat the damage caused by daily brushing, towel drying styling etc. 2010 also saw the launch of the new Dove Men+Care male grooming brand, offering deodorants and body washes specifically designed for mens skin Did you know? British girls suffer the lowest self esteem in the world, after Japan. Almost  ¾ (74%) of girls aged 8 12 are so dissatisfied with their bodies that they would like to change something about their appearance. The Dove team is committed to help girls build positive self-esteem and a healthy body image, with a goal of reaching 5 million girls worldwide by 2010. The Dove Self Esteem Fund has reached over 5 million girls worldwide and is committed to continuing to help girls build positive self-esteem and a healthy body image. For information on the Dove range of products call the customer careline free on 0800 085 1548 in the UK and 1850 404060 in Ireland. From our range Dove Beauty Cream Bar Dove Triple Moisturising Body Wash Dove Rich Nourishing Body Moisturiser Dove Original Roll On Deodorant Dove Go Fresh Cucumber Green Tea Scent Deodorant Dove Intensive Repair Shampoo Dove Intensive Repair Express Treatment Conditioner Dove Men+Care Clean Comfort Antiperspirant Dove Men+Care Clean Comfort Body Face wash | http://www.unilever.co.uk/brands/personalcarebrands/dove.aspx PRICE ADVERTISING LOreal-because you are worth it gives a kind of a satisfaction that this is the kind of product that the consumer was looking for. LOreal advertised around the world in the 1920 via posters. In the 1950s it brought its advertising medium in movies and made it on screen for the first time. In todays date LOreal has taken various famous actresses of varied celebrities of all ages to promote their product. With the promotion techniques LOreal has kept one thing in mind to also use local celebrity for the local advertisement in order so as to the common can relate themselves and in order to use the image of traditional beautiful women. Having the idea in mind that more beautiful the women would be more the customer would get attracted and in accordance more the sales of the product would take place. In India LOreal advertised through a media onslaught for its global brand featuring Aishwariya Rai re-defining the definition of beautiful hair. LOreal India has just launched a media blitz for its global brand LOreal Paris Total Repair 5 featuring cine star Aishwarya Rai http://www.financialexpress.com/news/loreal-joins-ad-war-with-hul-pg/656116/ Advertising: In 1920s, LOreal advertised around world by posters. Around 1950s, it brought a new advertising medium, especially the movies. LOreal made it on-screen first time during this period and it won an advertising Oscar award. Nowadays, LOreal takes on famous actresses or different celebrities of all ages that promote product and ensures its higher sales. Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_LOreal_Promotional_Strategy#ixzz1DxUkzPld http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_LOreal_Promotional_Strategy Dove-you are beautiful gives a positive feeling to the customer that she is beautiful and hence she needs to have the product. Dove uses various creative marketing strategies like recently dove is using Facebook which is a social commerce networking site to promote its product. Dove has made its products available to the customers on the social website. Dove believes that it makes complete sense to move from a social networking website to a purchase worthwhile at the same place. On the later research when found that email results into more selling rather than social website, the focus of the company changed into sending more personalised emails to the prospective customers. Dove also launched a competitive advertisement in competition with Loreal with the tag line Dove is No.1 Shampoo making customer believe that it is the best. a comparative ad campaign with the ad line Dove is No. 1 Shampoo even before http://www.financialexpress.com/news/loreal-joins-ad-war-with-hul-pg/656116/ http://dove.in/tvc_main.php Consumers will soon be able to buy Dove products through Facebook, with Unilever unveiling the new ecommerce offering shortly. Powered by Amazon, the Facebook store will first be available in the US with plans in place for a global rollout later this year. Speaking to Marketing Week, Marshall Manson, Europe Middle East and Africa managing director of digital at Unilevers PR agency Edelman, said: It makes sense to allow users to move directly from a social word-of-mouth recommendation, or from information a brand has shared, to purchase. He also said that the move makes it easier for Dove to connect social activity with business values and measure their effectiveness. The news comes just days after a study by Foresee found that consumers prefer email marketingmessages than social media interactions with retailer websites in the UK. Larry Freed, president and chief executive officer of ForeSee Results, said brands need to be aware of how their target markets are influenced by promotional emails, advertising on Facebook or word-of-mouth recommendations. http://www.dma.org.uk/news/nws-dmitem.asp?id=6391t=Dove+heads+to+Facebook+for+sales SALES PROMOTION In India loreal brought the international style by transforming the looks in the form of amenities to its customers. LOreal marked its products through hair salons in India. Today owning over 2000 saloons over 36 cities in India. In 2002, Mr. Sharma, the general manager of LOreal India Pvt Ltd, expected the sales turnover to double. So he bought the international styles to India, the Indian hair dressers will recreate the looks of customers by converting the interpreted looks in the form of services rendered to them. So nowadays, LOreal India has 2000 saloons across 36 cities. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_LOreal_Promotional_Strategy Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_LOreal_Promotional_Strategy#ixzz1DxTF6zIi WEBSITE The LOreal website not only gives a brief introduction of it varied product features but it also gives information about the company history and also about the various product ranges for women in the market supplementing it with a little extra of for women categorising it specifically for them. Dove maintains its simplicity in its website also but to it dove also adds up a space for testimonials and various offers and promotions that Dove have, to offer at that minute. To that Dove had also added up an interactive session and video to show how dove has helped peoples hair. DIS For our analysis on distribution channel performance, we will focus on the Balkans3 region where the group detains its highest number of distributors as well as no subsidiary4 Furthermore, these countries are future new comers in the European Union and such a particular presence in this region is no doubt linked to LOreal internationalisation strategy. Distributors, in this area, buy products directly to the headquarters and are provided thanks to the Hungarian subsidiary. Performance Evaluation Several criteria, extracted from the Marketing literature5 enable to evaluate LOreal export channel performance. These criteria are divided into four main categories (see schema 1): 1. Selection of foreign intermediaries is the first criterion to examine: what has determined the choice of one distributor better than one another? Indeed, if choice is not well considered, performance tends to be altered. An ineffective foreign distributor can set you back in years; it is almost better to have no distributor than a bad one in a major market6. In the case of LOreal, the choice of a distributor comes from three options: recommendations from business contacts, prospecting or direct requests by the distributor himself. In all cases, a deep audit of the would-be distributor is undertaken7 (financial strengths, commercial force, know-how, etc. ). Obviously, the chosen distributor does not sell direct rival products nor any other cosmetics products. The distributor seems to have a great interest to cooperate to this rule otherwise they lose the opportunity to sell the famous brand. 2. Monitoring: such as reporting, control of selling places, frequency of visits and type of contract, is said to be necessary in order to reduce information asymmetry that undergoes the exporter. All types of monito