Teaching The Genesis of all Professionalism Essay

Different people have varied views of teaching; some take it to be a vocation while some view it as a profession (Langford 51). Those saying teaching is a vocation, base their argument on the fact that anybody can be a teacher, from parents, relatives, peers, the media, the politician, the preacher and so forth, and this depends on the knowledge they are disseminating to their students. On the professional point of view teachers need professional qualifications and certifications for them to practice as tutors and instructors. In all these circumstances, as a vocation and as a profession, teaching has proved to be the mother of all professions. This paper explains how teaching has become the genesis of all professionalism. The Teacher A†¦show more content†¦Teachers are trained professionals, and more often than not their expertise extends beyond the classrooms where formal teaching is the norm. In most cases they accompany their students on field trips, they act as student disciplinarians and supervisors of extracurricular activities, they are managers of school functions, they are doctors to administer first aid in emergency cases and so forth. To the student a teacher wears several hats; a parent, a mentor, a friend, and so forth and from this diverse and unique relationship with the teacher the student can develop his career. All the known professions be they doctors, engineers, architects; have their origin in teaching. Teaching is the major mode of instruction through which such precious skills can be disseminated. From the first day a child steps into an institution with an aim to acquire formal education and be a responsible citizen in the society, he will encounter the teacher. The te acher will take the student then just a naà ¯ve child, and teach him how to read and write and help him organize his career life by pointing to him his strengths. The student will then major on the strengths and interact with more teachers along the way as he pursues his dream. From its definition teaching refers to an activity of instructing or educating that involves the impartation of knowledge and skills from a skilled party to a nonShow MoreRelatedTEACHER EDUCATION IN NIGERIA IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF LIFE-LONG EDUCATION7898 Words   |  32 PagesPERSPECTIVE OF LIFE-LONG EDUCATION LECTURER: PROF. RAO CONG-MAN et al PRESENTER: DIDAM BANENAT DATE: JUNE, 2013. CONTENTS An overview of Nigeria Introduction Educational Structure of Nigeria Management of the Educational System Genesis of Teacher Education in Nigeria Colleges of Education in Nigeria The National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE) The National Teachers’ Institution (NTI) Kaduna Lifelong Education Policy and Practice vis-à  -vis Lifelong EducationRead MoreChristian Leadership Paper. Our Healthcare System Is In4065 Words   |  17 Pagesvoice their feelings and providing them an opportunity for self-reflection (Hoglund, 2013). Through self-flection and prayer Christians find comfort in knowing that the Lord calls us to love unconditionally and thus we should be compassionate toward all. We are also taught through our Christian faith that we must be cognizant of own sins before calling out the sins of others (Mathew 7:1-5, ESV). By advocating for patients and by guiding staff members on how to provide care with compassion and empathyRead MoreEntertainment Media Ethics : Music And Music Videos8248 Words   |  33 Pagesimbibe to speak their truth without fear of intimidation. However, in all, music makers will need to apply temperance (moderation) both in their personal lives and in the lives that they portray through their music. They must not mislead their audience. Duty Ethics (Deontology) Immanuel Kant’s duty ethics is also highly relevant here, for Kant believed that each human being must be bound by the unconditional moral duty to do right in all situations (categorical imperative), as well as respect for the dignityRead MoreThesis on Empower Women Through Micro Credit Programmes18140 Words   |  73 Pagesnecessary to make rural women empowered in taking decisions to enable them to be in the central part of any human development process. The empowerment of women also considered as an active process enabling women to realize their full identity and power in all spheres of life. Against the background of the patriarchal system of society, the women need special attention to ensure their development and participation in the decision making process at home, in the community and governance. Read MoreInnovators Dna84615 Words   |  339 PagesHarvard Business School and the architect of and the world’s foremost authority on disruptive innovation. â€Å"Businesses worldwide have been guided and in uenced by e Innovator’s Dilemma and e Innovator’s Solution. Now e Innovator’s DNA shows where it all starts. is book gives you the fundamental building blocks for becoming more innovative and changing the world. One of the most important books to come out this year, and one that will remain pivotal reading for years to come.† Chairman and CEO,Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagessituates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide aRead MoreHbr When Your Core Business Is Dying74686 Words   |  299 Pagesconsum ers is as crucial as increa sing supply and curbin g demand. Only then wil l the world enjoy energy peace-of-mind. Succeeding in securing energy for everyone doe sn’t have to come at the exp ens start to think differently e of anyone. Once we all about energy, then we can truly make this promise a reality. $15 hips over ket. ners part r sting Inve gy to ma ough †¢ y thr ener s nerg llion able ing e f mi elop ntries. Dev cou ds o d renew †¢ ndre an in 26 g hu rnative ply. y i tt i n nerg mmRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 PagesSTUDIES, SECOND EDITION HAROLD KERZNER, Ph.D. Division of Business Administration Baldwin-Wallace College Berea, Ohio John Wiley Sons, Inc. This book is printed on acid-free paper. @ Copyright O 2006 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicalRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesState University PROJECT MANAGEMENT: THE MANAGERIAL PROCESS Published by McGraw-Hill/Irwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY, 10020. Copyright  © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited

Jeannee Castles Views On Poverty In The Glass Castle

Earlier this year, I read Jeannette Walls’ memoir The Glass Castle. The Glass Castle tells the story of Walls and her siblings as they experience an impoverished childhood and attempt to escape the poverty-stricken lives of their parents. In her descriptions of her life and the lives of her family members, Walls influenced my ideas about poverty, homelessness, and escaping hard lives. Jeannette Walls’ The Glass Castle influenced my ideas about poverty by showing me that poverty can yield positive results. Before reading The Glass Castle, I believed that all poverty was tragic and life ruining. I thought that nothing positive or advantageous could come of out poverty. Reading The Glass Castle changed my opinion. In The Glass Castle,†¦show more content†¦Had Jeannette never experienced poverty, had she never had to make do with what she had, she would never have thought to create her own braces. Hence, because poverty forces her to manage with the little sh e has throughout all of her childhood, Jeannette gains resourcefulness. Poverty’s final gift to Jeannette and her siblings is the desire to survive. Throughout her childhood, Jeannette is forced to survive. She must survive burns from a freak accident and cuts from falling out of a car. She must survive constant moving around and repeated incidents with sexual predators. All of these incidents instill in Jeannette a desire to survive. As a junior in high school, Jeannette flees to New York City where she finishes high school and begins college. Jeannette works hard to support herself but eventually runs out of money. Instead of quitting and falling through the cracks, Jeannette works harder; she refuses to give up and continues to live her life in the face of difficult circumstances. Thus, the Jeannette Walls’ memoir The Glass Castle changed my views about poverty by revealing that poverty can produce more than negative outcomes; it can foster resiliency, inge nuity, and a desire to succeed. In addition to changing my views about poverty, Jeannette Walls’ memoir The Glass Castle modified my views about homelessness. Prior to reading Walls’ memoir, I thought that homelessness was an inescapable part of a

Analysis Of Under The Influence Essay - 1141 Words

Nicole Fritz Professor Kacel English 121-049 2 November 2016 â€Å"Under the Influence† a Summary/Response Essay In the essay â€Å"Under the Influence,† Scott Russell Sanders uses his recollection and metaphors to portray an image of his father’s drinking customs. While certain people believe that children who are raised in a home with a drunk often follow in their footsteps, Sanders did the paradoxical and became a man whom his father was not. Although nothing but disappointment was demonstrated throughout the manuscript, Sanders made a connection with himself and his father. The relation contrived was his father s afflicting dependence for alcohol and his uplifting addiction to working. Although plentiful children suffer from growing up with a guardian who has an addiction obstacle, Sanders overcame his misery by concentrating on himself and becoming a â€Å"workaholic†. Because Sanders was a virtuous child when he came across dissatisfying experiences with his father, he was still apprehensive of the behavior that was occurring. Considering Sanders father comprehended that he had a dilemma with the consumption of alcohol, he tried to make it as enigmatic as possible, â€Å"he stashes the bottle or can inside his jacket, under the workbench, between two bales of hay, and we both pretend the moment has not occurred†(1). The addiction was prominent to the children and the wife, but Sanders felt as if the alcoholism was his negligence, â€Å"I am forty-four, and I know full wellShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Under The Influence By Scott Russell Sanders1022 Words   |  5 PagesFrom a brief reading of â€Å"Under the Influence†, by Scott Russell Sanders, one can understand being shamed and being condemned for actions that is not their own fault, but instead brought upon themselves as a consequence of others. Son of an alcoholic, Sanders wa s a deprived man, who believes himself--a criminal. However, the crime, which he has set in stone is a debt that can truly never be fulfilled, because the victim is already dead. To exact life into the meaning over Sander’s adversity is toRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Under The Influence `` By Scott Russell Sanders Autobiography1583 Words   |  7 PagesWhen we analyze Scott Russell Sanders’ memoir â€Å"Under the Influence,† using the notion of betrayal Patricia Hampl establishes in her memoir â€Å"Other People’s Secret,† we discover that â€Å"Under the Influence,† rather than being a breach of trust, is instead Sanders’ attempt to redeem his drunkard dad’s character. Patricia Hampl, in her memoir, recounts what she calls â€Å"betrayals† that she has committed against people—ranging from her friends to someone as close as her own mother— whom she writes about inRead MoreFilm Analysis and Different Viewpoin ts on A Woman Under the Influence, and Wanda2555 Words   |  11 Pagesand thematic motifs may differ from director to director, [but] the overall functions of style and theme remain remarkably constant in the art cinema as a whole.† (Bordwell â€Å"The Art Cinema as a Mode of Film Practice†) For example, A Woman Under the Influence (1974) and Wanda (1970) are formally very different but both develop portraits of irresponsible mothers within the socio-historic context of the decline of the Baby Boomers and the trauma of the Vietnam War. Bordwell’s assertion is a simpleRead MoreResearch on the Influence of Informatization1698 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMATIZATION 1 Research on The Influence of Informatization On The Accounting Theories and Practices and Real-time Control in China Yang Lu Fairleigh Dickinson University RESEARCH ON THE INFLUENCE OF INFORMATIZATION 2 Abstract The 21st century is an information age of rapid development and the computer is more and more widely used in everyRead MoreMarketing Plan For The Fast Food Industry Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategic influences, cultural diversity, or the technological advancements has increased. Therefore, while launching the new products or assimilating the innovative change in the business processes or services, the requirement of the market plan is perceived efficient. It is also known that the development of the marketing plan supports the businesses to integrate the unique elements and attract the appropriate target audience. Moreover performing the market analysis, consumer behavior analysis and theRead MoreUse the Stakeholder Model of Business Environments to Critically Examine the External Environment of Asda Wal-Mart as Outlined in the Case Study That Follows.1219 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironments to critically examine the external environment of Asda Wal-Mart as outlined in the cas e study that follows. Each organisation has a unique external and internal environment that has unique impacts on the organisation. A stakeholder’s analysis categorises that environment determining whether an organisation or a person has any low or high interest and power over the business. Based on The Asda Wal-Mart case study, stakeholders are consecutive: HIGH INTEREST LOW INTEREST H I G Read MoreFrameworks And Models That Facilitate The It Strategy Planning Process Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagescombinations of models are best suited for facilitating the IT strategy planning process. It was found that PEST is resource intensive and of limited use unless used in combination with SWOT. Porters Five Forces model is good for helping predict the influence of a new technology in a market, however does suffer from being overly simplistic. Also found was that many of the internal based frameworks focus only on one particular area, for instance the users, or the company vision. They were found to be usefulRead MoreSynaptic Geotechnical Factors Influence The Standard Penetration Test Results Of Sand Soilss1174 Words   |  5 PagesIn fact, synaptic geotechnical factors influence the standard penetration test results of similar sand soils. Frequently, testing procedures attribute part of these mutations. Therefore, normalizing the results to a standard rod energy ratio usu ally eliminate such procedures quandaries (e.g., Skempton, 1986). Moreover, changes in test methods, samplers, hammers, and rods lead to corresponding variances in N values due to the generated energy losses. Numerous researchers (e.g., Daniel et al., 2003Read MoreCinderella -Analysis1058 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis: Cinderella Cinderella’s story is undoubtedly the most popular fairy tale all over the world. Her fairy tale is one of the best read and emotion filled story that we all enjoyed as young and adults. In Elizabeth Pantajja’s analysis, Cinderella’s story still continues to evoke emotions but not as a love story but a contradiction of what we some of us believe. Pantajja chose Cinderella’s story to enlighten the readers that being good and piety are not the reason for Cinderella’sRead More Levels Of Analysis And The Stu Essay1546 Words   |  7 Pages Three levels of analysis, each with its own distinct strength, reveals three different ways of understanding international relations. The first states that all nation-states behave similarly, the second emphasizes the unique internal factors of a nation-state, while the third level of analysis focuses on the individual deciding a stateamp;#8217;s course of action. Each level of analysis is useful in the study of international relations. Indeed, used all together, it is not long before arriving

Should They Be Allowed in Public Schools - 2018 Words

Unvaccinated Children: Should they be allowed in public schools? Assignment 5: Persuasive Paper Part 3: Possible Disadvantages, Answers, with VisualsYour Name Lisa Teitler Eng 215 March 13, 2016 Unvaccinated Children: Should they be allowed in public schools? Today’s vaccinations are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in order to ensure their effectiveness and safety to the general public. Currently there are no federal laws which mandates vaccination, but there is a vaccination requirement per state for children entering school. The chart below details which vaccines are mandated for public school by several states: Children who are not vaccinated have a greater chance of death than children who received the†¦show more content†¦For example, children under five with the flu are contagious for about eight days, and, according to a 2012 CDC study, cost their parents an average of 11 to 73 hours of wages (about $222 to $1,456) and $300 to $4,000 in medical expenses. Children with rotavirus are contagious for up to 30 days. A Jan. 2008 outbreak of measles in San Diego, CA resulted in 11 unvaccinated children catching measles and a resulting net public-sector cost of $10,376 per case (or, $123,512 total) due to emergency vaccination and outbreak response. Furthermore, under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA, or Obamacare) many vaccines are available to children and adults without copay. (State-By-State: Vaccinations Required For Public School Kindergarten, 2014) Across the United States, state policies determine which vaccination a child will need in order to attend school. Each state will also have different ways in which a parent can obtain exception from the vaccine requirements. The issue at hand is that as the exception climbs, so do the outbreak of vaccine preventable diseases which threaten children health. Parents need to understand that vaccinating or not, can have a tremendous effect of public health. Not vaccinating can become a big problem since it increases the spread of diseases.Show MoreRelatedReligion Should Not Be Allowed in Public Schools1293 Words   |  6 Pagesare attending public schools they should be aware of their religion options. The student should have the right to practice their religion as they please, just on the own time. Yes, religion plays a huge part in molding a person but, should be practiced when the time is available, not in a classroom setting. The government should have the ability to control the protection of the students that just want to learn. The capability to regulate the religious practices while attending public educational institutionsRead MoreEssay on Prayer Should Be Allowed in Public Schools1727 Words   |  7 PagesPrayer Should Be Allowed in Public Schools School prayer is a very controversial issue in today’s society. The issue of school prayer is about whether the public school systems should let the students pray, at the start of the school day, as a class. The issue of school prayer began in the late sixteenth century when people in England did not approve of the way one religion was forced upon them, so the Puritans, known as the Pilgrims decided to come to the colonies. Even in the colonies theRead MoreEssay on Prayer Should Not be Allowed in Public Schools1051 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer Should Not be Allowed in Public Schools School prayer is a very controversial issue in today’s society. This issue has been a problem since America was first founded, in that the country was founded on religious beliefs. The Pilgrims wanted to be able to express their beliefs freely, but in England this freedom was not found, so they decided to come to the Americas, where their beliefs could be expressed freely. As time passed they realized that having this kind of freedomRead MoreUnvaccinated Children: Should They Be Allowed Public Schools3722 Words   |  15 PagesUnvaccinated Children: Should they be allowed public schools? Deborah Toodle Stephen Webber English 215 18 August 2013 Abstract The purpose of this paper is to identify the problem that will be addressed with my proposed solution. It will describe the history and overview of the issue both medically and publicly as well as the current status of public and political opinion. Three problems will be identified in the course of this paper as well as support to show the true applicationRead MoreReligion in Public Schools Essay1131 Words   |  5 PagesReligion in school is the practice of any personal religious beliefs in a place of education. Introduction: In recent years teaching or the individual practice of religion in school has become a very controversial topic. There are many different views on this matter and even more opinions on how it should be handled. There are people on both sides of the spectrum, there are those who believe that it should be taught and allowed in school, and there are those who believe it should not be taughtRead MoreThe Constitutionality of Prayer in Public Schools Essay698 Words   |  3 Pagesin public schools, while others think that people should be able to express their religion in their own ways. In public schools, they are not allowed to hold prayers at all during the school day due to the mixed religion students that are attending the school. Over the past few years, this has become an extremely controversial issue in our nation. Many people find it proper to pray in school but many people also agree that it is extremely wrong and that if there is going to be pray in school, everyRead MoreShou ld Prayer Be Allowed? School?1623 Words   |  7 Pagesprayer should be allowed in school. On the flip side to that those that feel the government does not have enough power and tend to disagree with pear being allowed in school. Based off articles researched and statistics gathered as well summarized it can be determined that those that are of the conservative and or republican party tend to feel that the government should not have a say in prayer in school. This may be because of religious preference or their belief that government should not haveRead MorePersuasive Essay Topics1228 Words   |  5 Pagestopics should be a great resource. I taxed my brain to create this huge list of persuasive essay topics relevant to todays society, but I believe I am happy with the results. I appreciate any and all comments or feedback. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. Should students be allowed to have cell phones in elementary and high schools? Should studentsRead More Religion in Public Schools - More Questions than Answers Essay examples1161 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in Public Schools - More Questions than Answers    Censorship is a very broad topic.   Is it good or bad?   Often, we ask ourselves if such things need to exist because of the First Amendment right.   It states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.   (AmendmentsRead MorePrayer in Schools Essay1215 Words   |  5 PagesPrayer in Public School There are many different philosophies regarding prayer in public school. It seems to be a difficult issue to decide upon. The opinions are wide-ranging and convoluted. This paper will attempt to highlight the many ideas and opinions as to whether prayers in public school should be allowed and to what extent. It will further show how our founders idea of a separate church and state has been taken out of context and why prayer in school should be allowed, but not required

Sexual Harrasment in Egypt Free Essays

Sexual harassment is a common occurrence here in Egypt whether it’s verbal or physical harassment. As sad as it may seem I was never affected by this problem until it happened to me a couple of months ago. I was walking one afternoon with my mother and young sister on Baghdad Street we were window shopping and having fun, but suddenly out of the blue a guy passing by with a bicycle touched me in an inappropriate way. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexual Harrasment in Egypt or any similar topic only for you Order Now At first I was too shocked to do anything and by the time I started to yell it was too late the guys had disappeared down the street.When that happened to me I began to pay more attention to the situation in Egypt because sexual harassment in Egypt is increasing at a alarming rate and it needs to be stopped. It not only happened to me but it also happened to some of my friends and relatives, the streets of Cairo are unsafe for woman no matter how early or late the time is there is always a possibility of sexual harassment. There are many reasons for sexual harassment and its effects on women are catastrophic women are afraid to walk on the streets for fear of harassment, it also have a major effect on the society and it affects how we Egyptian are viewed to the world.One of the main reasons that sexual harassment happens is because the harasser can get away with it and that affects women and our society. In Egypt there is no punishment for sexual harassment people could do it and get away with it (Reem Leila). This has many effects to it, first when harassers realize that they could harass and get away with it there is nothing stopping them from doing it again and that makes the women more afraid of walking on the streets in Egypt and if they did walk on the streets they wouldn’t feel safe always looking behind their backs always expecting to be harassed.Moreover it also affect the society for example the incident that happened in down town Cairo that groups of men started to aggressively attac k women in front of a movie theater( El Khashab). The shop keepers who tried to help the victims were hit by the attackers (EL Khashab) and that made most of them afraid to help the women which led to more harassment and women screaming on the streets and that led to the anger of society as a hole against the government because not only women are being harassed but men were hit for trying to help they blame the government for not putting policemen on the streets on such a busy day and for allowing the arassers to get away with what they did. Sexual harassment not only affects the victims but it also affects the society. As sexual harassment here in Egypt began to increase people started to blame the victims saying that they brought it upon themselves and that it was there faults for making men harass them (Abdelhadi). People say that because of the way women dress they are harassed which is unfair because when the ECWR (Egyptian Center of Women’s Rights) conducted a study on this they found out that veiled women are more often harassed then women with no veil (Fayed).When women are blamed for this they will not be able to report on harassment and they will start to blame themselves for causing the harassment to happen and start to believe what the people are saying. Then women will be too ashamed of being physically harassed that they won’t even mention it to anyone even their families which is unfair and morally wrong to accuse them in the first place.This will also lead to women being afraid on the streets for when they hear that they are blamed for the harassment they will want to go out less and always want to stay at home they will be afraid to go to their work and that is really sad because women deserve to be free and not live in fear in Egypt. Police stations disregard sexual harassment saying that it’s not their problem that women are harassed (Fayed) and that makes the society angry because it’s the police job to take care of the women and they are not doing anything to stop sexual harassment from happening.Not only is sexual harassment ruining our society, but also tourism is affected too. According to ECWR 82% of foreigners are sexually harassed here in Egypt foreign embassies in Egypt have been receiving many complaints against the harassment in the streets. They are very worried about the safety of their female nationals (Reem Leila) ,and now foreigners here in Egypt are advised by their embassies to be very cautious when they are on the street and try as hard as they could not to be alone (Reem Leila). This has many effects on Egypt because it not only tarnishes the view of Egypt and the Egyptians it also makes tourism happen less and less.In Egypt we depend on the tourism income, and because of sexual harassment either verbal or physical tourism began to decrease. Tourists are advised not to come to Egypt and if they did they should expect to be sexually harassed. When tourism starts to decrease some of the people whose job depends on tourists will be out of business and then they will become poor and poverty rate will increase in Egypt. It also affects us Egypti ans as we are viewed through their eyes they will think that all Egyptian men are harassers and there are no good people in our society which is sad because nit all men are like that. There are lots of thing that needs to be done to prevent sexual harassment from happening. There should be police officers in crowded areas to prevent the repletion of the down town incident. Women should have the right to report about sexual harassment and not be laughed at, and there should be new laws that punish harassers so that they cannot get away with it every time. People should stop blaming the women for being sexually harassed and try to think of solutions to prevent it and not making the women feel ashamed. How to cite Sexual Harrasment in Egypt, Papers

Characteristics of Modelling and Statement Analysis

Question: Discuss about the Characteristics of Modelling and Statement Analysis. Answer: Introduction: Cash Flow statement showcase the changes within the accounts of the balance sheet and income statements have a due impact on cash and cash equivalence and so break down its analysis to operating, financing and investing activities. Here in this report cash flow statement of Wesfarmers Limited and Woolworths Limited is being compared to know the current financial standing of companies. Furthermore, the ratio is calculated to draw a deeper analysis of cash solvency of respective companies. Lastly, the firms are recommended to evaluate the expected exposure to credit risks, business generation of cash from sales revenue and survival capacity measurement of the stated companies. Woolworths Limited: Woolworths is the largest supermarket chain in Australia. It has about 961 stores spread across Australia and possesses a team of 111,000 members within its stores, offices and distribution centre to serve its customer with the supreme quality of services, convenience and value (Park and Jang, 2013). Recognised among the most creative retailers, Woolworths seeks to understand that customer desire for simple and new systems to shop. Their aim is to put its customer at first and for this, they have valued retail team who focus on improving the customer shopping experiences continually. They tend to do active retailing by maintaining with technologies and working hard to earn customers rewards as well as loyalties. Wesfarmers Limited: the Western Australian Farmers Cooperative is among the largest listed companies in Australia. With a base of 220000 employees and 530000 shareholders company aims to satisfy the needs of its customers to remain competitive (Tangsucheeva and Prabhu, 2013). In order to meet the primary objective of bringing a satisfactory return to its shareholders Wesfarmers maintain a financial discipline and have an exceptionally diversified portfolio management of its business (Marshall, McManus and Viele, 2011). It focuses on placing the six key enablers in business to strive operative performance at its best, i.e., employing outstanding people, develop commercial excellence, empowering culture, being innovative, social responsibility and robust financial capacity. The method used in the preparation of Cash Flow Statement: Woolworths Group has used Indirect Method for the Preparation of Cash Flow Statement. When the Cash Flow Statement is prepared by Direct Method than actual cash receipts are, actual cash payments are arranged and presented in the Cash Flow statement. The difference between them is as referred as Net Cash from Operating Activities. In other words, it is a Revenue Statement, which is prepared on Cash basis under direct method. Since Direct Method is not used hence, no reconciliation has been reported in notes to the accounts. Wesfarmers Group has used Direct Method in preparing Cash Flow Statement, and Appropriate Reconciliation Statement has been presented in Notes to accounts. Examination of Cash Flow Statement of Both the companies (In $m) Particulars Woolworths Limited Wesfarmers Limited Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities 2357.50 3365.00 Net Cash Flow from Investing Activities (1266.70) (2132.00) Net Cash Flow from Financing Activities (377.40) (1333.00) Net Cash Increase / Decrease in Cash and Cash Equivalents 713.40 (100.00) Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities: This portion shows how much liquid assets are generated from the revenue of the company, reduced by cash required to sell those commodities. Net Cash Flow from Operating Activity of both the company has shown declining trend in comparison to Last Year. This fact states that the ability to generate cash from the operations if the concern is decreasing. The reason for this decrease can be declined in sales, Increase in Variable and Fixed Cost, Increase in Tax Rates, etc. Net Cash Flow from Investing Activities: It reflects the amount of cash and cash equivalents i.e. liquid assets are used for the purpose of Capital Expenditure such as the purchase of Plant and Machinery. It also includes the acquisition of any other business. Woolworths and Wesfarmers both have negative cash flows in this section since both have incurred massive capital expenditures in this year. High Capital Expenditures are good indicators of the concern because these expenses would be generating profits in the coming years. Net Cash Flow from Financing Activities: It reflects the movement of cash and cash equivalents associated with financing activity. It is the sum of the amount raised by equity and by borrowing reduced by the amount paid by equity and borrowing. Wesfarmers Limited has repaid the earlier increased loans and has also paid equity dividends this year. Woolworths have less movement in their borrowings. Computation of Ratios Here in this section, the ratios calculated are cash flow indicators that aim at evaluating the cash generation in terms of in what way much it is being generated and the safety net that it offers to its company (Bodie, Kane and Marcus, 2014). These ratios also help us in bringing an insight of the performance and financial health of the respective companies. Particulars Woolworths Limited Wesfarmers Limited Cash Adequacy Ratio 1.16 Times 0.99 Times Cash Flow Ratio 4.70% 4.72% Debt Coverage Ratio 8.86 Times 4.39 Times Cash Flow to Sales Ratio 2.03% (-1.51%) Working Notes: Cash Adequacy Ratio: This ratio states the proportionate of cash and cash equivalents required in relation to available cash and cash equivalents (Dickinson, 2011). Particulars Woolworths Limited Wesfarmers Limited Required Cash and Cash Equivalents 4211.40 74386.00 Available Cash and Cash Equivalents 4924.80 74286.00 Cash Adequacy Ratio 1.16 Times 0.99 Times Cash Flow Ratio: this ratio employs operating cash flows in comparison to other companys metrics for determining the cash it would generate from its net sales. FORMULA: (Net Operating Cash Flow/Net Sales (Revenue)*100 Particulars Woolworths Limited Wesfarmers Limited Net Operating Cash Flow 2357.50 3365.00 Net Sales 50085.70 71157.00 Cash Flow Ratio 4.70% 4.72% Debt Coverage Ratio: this ratio helps in the measurement of the entity abilities to entail enough cash to meet its debt payments (Drake and Fabozzi, 2010). FORMULA: (Net Operating Income/Total Debt Service) Net Operating Income 2563.80 1346 Total Debt Service 207.70 306 Debt Coverage Ratio 12.34 Times 4.39 Times Cash Flow to Sales Ratio: it is expressed as percentage helps in giving investors an insight of the companys ability to convert its sales into cash. FORMULA: (Net Cash Flow/Net Sales (Revenue)*100 Particulars Woolworths Limited Wesfarmers Limited Net Cash Flow 713.40 (100.00) Net Sales 34978.00 6591.00 Cash Flow Ratio 2.03% (-1.51%) Conclusion It can be seemingly articulated from this report that Woolworths and Wesfarmers both are leading retail store chains in Australia. Both the companies have used different methods to determine their cash flow statement while Woolworths has used indirect method Wesfarmers has used direct method. The operating cash flow is in declining trend for both companies in comparison to last year trends. The financing cash flows are negative as both seemed to invest in capital. In addition to this, the investing ratio shows that Woolworths have less momentum; on the other hand, Wesfarmers seems to repay earlier loans. Lastly, the ratios are calculated, and company analysis is done to indicate the cash flow positioning respectively. The sum up to all ratio analysis brings out in straight that Woolworths has a better chance of surviving in the long run as it has better debt state and more liquidity standing than the Wesfarmers. Recommendation As per the analysis carried out in this report, it is quite evident that Woolworth's cash flow positioning is much more stable than the Wesfarmers. Since debt coverage ratio takes into consideration all the expenses and obligation it tells you better about companies ability to repay its debt. It is quite evident from the debt coverage ratio that Wesfarmers is facing lower cash positioning than Woolworths. It is important to maintain this for both the investors and creditors (Petersen and Plenborg, 2010). Woolworths is better for the short-term credit risk than the Wesfarmers. Looking at the overall cash status of both companies it is quite evident that Woolworths has enough cash resources but Wesfarmers seems to be not having enough cash resources, and it is recommended to maintain cash to keep the liquidity positioning of the firm stable. Furthermore to meet the prime objective of satisfying the shareholders Wesfarmers should suction cash to maintain good financial reports (Bitsch, Buchner and Kaserer, 2010). It is quite vivid from the other two ratios also Cash Flow Ratio and Cash Flow to Sales Ratio that Woolworths is better at generating cash from its sales than Wesfarmers. These ratios are an indicator to investors showcasing the consistency of company sales growth with the operating cash flows of the company (7 Cash Flow Ratios Every Value Investor should know, 2015). Healthy consistency in growth will reflect better standards for investment. 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